Explain normalization and denormalization in databases.

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Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing a database into multiple related tables and ensuring that each table contains data about a single entity or concept. Normalization typically follows normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.), each with specific rules to eliminate duplicate data and ensure dependencies make sense.
Benefits of Normalization:

  • Reduces data redundancy

  • Improves data consistency and integrity

  • Makes updates, deletions, and insertions more efficient

Example:
A single table storing employee and department details may contain repeated department names for every employee. Normalization would split it into Employee and Department tables, linking them via a department_id.

Denormalization is the process of combining normalized tables or adding redundant data to improve database performance, especially read-heavy operations. Denormalization sacrifices some data integrity to reduce the number of joins and speed up queries.
Benefits of Denormalization:

  • Faster query performance (fewer joins)

  • Simplified reporting for analytics

  • Useful in large-scale data warehouses

Example:
Instead of separate Employee and Department tables, a denormalized table may store employee details along with department names in the same table to reduce join operations when retrieving data.

Summary:

  • Normalization: Reduces redundancy, improves consistency, multiple related tables.

  • Denormalization: Adds redundancy to improve query performance, fewer joins, faster read operations.

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